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Finding Migraine Relief

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How Does the Weather Affect Migraine?

Medically Reviewed By Deena Kuruvilla, MD

Many people with migraine report that changes in weather can prompt an attack. Although more research is needed, shifts in humidity, temperature, and barometric pressure may be common migraine triggers. Storms have also been reported to trigger migraine. Other environmental triggers include sunlight and smoking.

This article examines the connection between weather and migraine. It also discusses other environmental triggers and treatments for the condition.

What is the connection between weather and migraine?

Image of dark stormy weather over a forest looking through a window wet with rain
RZCREATIVE/Stocksy United

Migraine is a chronic headache condition that affects approximately 14% of adults in the United States. While many people with migraine report weather as a trigger, studies on this topic have produced varied results.

A 2015 study Trusted Source PubMed Central Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health Go to source indicates that a small subgroup of people with migraine may be affected by the weather. However, these effects may not be possible to predict. Because of this, developing preventive measures based on meteorological changes may not be feasible.

Changes in humidity

There may be a connection between humidity, temperature, and migraine attacks. However, more research is needed to understand this connection.

A study from 2017 Trusted Source PubMed Central Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health Go to source states that emergency department visits due to migraine were higher during tropical air mass events. 

Another 2015 study Trusted Source PubMed Central Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health Go to source found there was also an increase in emergency department visits for migraine during times of high temperatures and low humidity.

One possible connection between dry weather and migraine may be dehydration. Dehydration is a common trigger of migraine attacks.

Changes in temperature

Another possible trigger for migraine may be changes in temperature. However, research on this connection is varied.

In a 2015 study Trusted Source PubMed Central Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health Go to source , participants reported an increase in mild migraine attacks during colder winter months. However, a 2020 study found no connection between changing temperatures and the frequency of migraine attacks.

Storms

There is limited direct research on the connection between storms and migraine.

A 2013 study found that lightning was a trigger for some people with migraine. However, the reason behind this connection is unknown. The study suggests it could be due to electromagnetic waves, the production of bioaerosols such as ozone, or the release of fungal spores.

A small study from 2015 Trusted Source PubMed Central Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health Go to source found that lower barometric pressure during a storm may be a trigger for migraine. The study suggests that people with migraine may wish to keep their medication handy during storm events, such as cyclones.

What other environmental factors trigger migraine?

Other environmental factors, such as light and smoking, may also trigger migraine.

Sunlight

Bright light is a known trigger for many people with migraine. Some research has suggested that sunlight in particular may produce this triggering effect.

A small study from 2013 found that in some people with migraine, sunlight was the only trigger for an attack. This effect was more likely during the summer when the sun is brighter. However, it is not clear whether this was due to the intensity of sunlight or another factor, such as how the light enters the retina.

Smoking

Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke are listed as common migraine triggers. However, the relationship between them is not clear.

A review from 2015 states that there were conflicting data regarding the connection between smoking, tobacco use, and migraine. However, it also states that people with migraine may wish to consider avoiding smoking or using tobacco products. Along with the possibility of triggering migraine, tobacco use is associated with other negative health effects.

Another study from 2018 suggests there is a connection between the frequency of smoking and migraine. Those who smoked between 6–10 cigarettes per day were more likely to experience migraine attacks than those who smoked fewer.

How is migraine treated?

Treatment for migraine typically includes:

  • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
  • triptans
  • anti-nausea medication
  • preventive medication
  • lying down in a darkened room

Effective treatment can vary from person to person. Work with your doctor to create the most effective treatment plan for you.

Other frequently asked questions

Deena Kuruvilla, M.D., has reviewed these questions people frequently ask about migraine and the weather.

What weather makes migraine worse?

Cold or dry weather may trigger migraine in some people. Humidity levels have also been found to affect people with migraine.

How do I get rid of barometric pressure migraine?

Medications such as NSAIDs and triptans can help relieve migraine due to barometric pressure changes. You can also try lying in a darkened room until the episode passes.

Can you prevent barometric pressure migraine?

It is not always possible to prevent migraine due to changes in barometric pressure. However, some people can sense when the barometric pressure is changing and may become stressed. Managing stress through exercise, deep breathing, or relaxation techniques can help reduce your risk of migraine. Alternatively, speak with your doctor about preventive medications that may help.

Summary

The connection between weather and migraine is not fully understood. However, research suggests there may be a link between migraine and weather-related factors. These can include storms and changes in humidity and temperature.

It is not always possible to prevent migraine attacks. However, being aware of what can trigger them may help you reduce their frequency. Talk with your doctor about possible triggers and the most effective treatments for migraine.

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Medical Reviewer: Deena Kuruvilla, MD
Last Review Date: 2023 Mar 22
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